Saturday, June 30, 2007

Tendinitis Achilles

DEFINISI
Tendinitis Achilles adalah suatu peradangan pada tendon Achilles, yaitu urat daging yang membentang dari otot betis ke tumit.

Otot betis dan tendon Achilles berfungsi menurunkan kaki bagian depan setelah tumit menyentuh tanah dan mengangkat tumit ketika jari-jari kaki ditekan sebelum melangkah dengan kaki yang lainnya.

PENYEBAB
Tendinitis achilles terjadi jika tekanan pada tendon lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kekuatan tendon tersebut.
Berlari menuruni bukit memberikan tekanan lebih pada tendon achilles karena kaki bagian depan harus melangkah lebih jauh sebelum menyentuh tanah.
Berlari menaiki bukit juga memberikan tekanan berlebih pada tendon achilles karena otot betis harus mengerahkan tenaga lebih besar untuk mengangkat tumit ketika jari-jari kaki didorong.

Berbagai faktor biomekanik yang cenderung menyebabkan cedera pada tendon Achilles:
- Pronasi (berputar ke dalam) kaki yang berlebihan
- Kebiasaan berpijak terlalu jauh dari tumit
- Urat lutut dan otot betis yang kaku
- Lengkung kaki yang tinggi
- Tendon Achilles yang kaku
- Kelainan bentuk tumit.



GEJALA
Gejala utamanya adalah nyeri, yang biasanya sangat hebat jika penderita bangun dari duduk atau berbaring atau ketika penderita mulai berlari.
Nyeri seringkali mereda jika penderita terus berjalan atau lari, walalupun terasa nyeri dan kaku.

Tendon Achilles terbungkus dalam suatu selubung pelindung; diantara tendon dan selubungnya terdapat lapisan lemak yang tipis, yang memungkinkan tendon bergerak dengan bebas.
Jika tendon mengalami cedera, akan terbentuk jaringan parut diantara tendon dan selubungnya, sehingga setiap kali bergerak, tendon akan menarik selubung pembungkusnya. Itulah sebabnya mengapa pergerakan menyebabkan rasa nyeri.

Terus berjalan atau berlari akan mengurangi nyeri karena menyebabkan meningkatnya suhu dari selubung, sehingga menjadi lebih lentur dan tendon dapat bergerak lebih bebas.

Menekan tendon biasanya juga akan menyebabkan nyeri.

Jika penderita tidak menghiraukan nyeri yang terjadi dan terus berlari, maka jaringan parut yang kaku akan menggantikan tendon yang elastik dan tendon akan selalu terluka selama penderita melakukan latihan, tanpa disertai kemungkinan untuk sembuh.



DIAGNOSA
Pemeriksaan fisik menunjukkan adanya nyeri tumpul di sepanjang tendon yang terkena dan jika diberikan tahanan terhadap otot yang menempel pada tendon tersebut, maka akan timbul nyeri.



PENGOBATAN
Berhenti berlari dan menggantinya dengan bersepeda selama nyeri menetap, merupakan bagian penting dari pengobatan.

Tindakan lainnya tergantung kepada penyebab atau keadaan penderita.
Menggunakan sepatu dengan bagian telapak yang lentur dan pemasangan lapisan sepatu bisa mengurangi ketegangan tendon dan menstabilkan tumit.

Latihan untuk meregangkan otot lutut bisa dimulai segera setelah nyeri hilang.
Demikian pula halnya dengan latihan untuk memperkuat tendon Achilles.

Penderita sebaiknya tidak berlari menaiki bukut atau menuruni bukit dengan kecepatan tinggi sampai tendonnya telah sembuh sempurna, yang biasanya membutuhkan waktu beberapa minggu sampai beberapa tahun.


sumber.http://www.medicastore.com/

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